Table 2 Mean (Standard Deviation) and Independent Sample t-test Results for Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Emotion Regulation, and Sleep Measures Across BPD and Healthy Compasison Groups
Measure | BPD | HC | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale | |||
 Depression | 27.41 (11.18) | 2.43 (3.47) | ** |
 Anxiety | 16.99 (7.98) | 1.59 (2.22) | ** |
 Stress | 22.26 (9.73) | 3.86 (3.45) | ** |
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale | |||
 Global score | 127.73 (21.41) | 63.79 (12.96) | ** |
 Nonacceptance | 18.97 (6.95) | 9.74 (3.69) | ** |
 Goals | 20.18 (3.83) | 12.57 (4.73) | ** |
 Impulse | 22.24 (5.76) | 7.84 (1.59) | ** |
 Aware | 18.83 (6.07) | 12.90 (3.46) | ** |
 Strategies | 30.49 (6.6) | 12.10 (3.36) | ** |
 Clarity | 16.26 (4.52) | 8.40 (2.04) | ** |
Subjective Sleep | |||
 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | 10.41 (4.03) | 5.27 (2.36) | ** |
 Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | 14.76 (6.64) | 4.04 (3.01) | ** |
 Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) | 7.44 (4.46) | 6.95 (4.31) | n.s. |
Objective Sleep | |||
 Bedtime (mins) | 12:11 AM (89.91) | 12:22 AM (58.92) | n.s. |
 Rise Time (mins) | 9:20 AM (89.19) | 8:18 AM (65.43) | * |
 Time in Bed (mins) | 548.82 (79.95) | 476.25 (43.17) | ** |
 Total Sleep Time (mins) | 492.50 (92.20) | 431.05 (66.59) | * |
 Sleep Onset Latency (mins) | 7.68 (7.26) | 6.04 (8.19) | n.s. |
 Sleep Efficiency (%) | 89.84% (9.98%) | 90.24% (10.82%) | n.s. |
 Wake After Sleep Onset (mins) | 45.14 (46.75) | 36.16 (39.92) | n.s. |
Objective Sleep Variability | |||
 Bedtime (SD-mins) | 99.68 (55.28) | 64.77 (39.84) | * |
 Rise Time (SD-mins) | 98.68 (43.65) | 67.89 (27.36) | ** |
 Time in Bed (CV) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.18 (0.09) | n.s. |
 Total Sleep Time (CV) | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.10) | n.s. |