Table 4 Standardized parameter estimates for the SEM model

   → Childhood emotional abuse

1

.78

.61

   → Childhood physical abuse

.73

.09

8.13

.00

.77

.59

   → Childhood sexual abuse

.68

.12

5.66

.00

.52

.27

   → Childhood emotional neglect

.74

.11

6.64

.00

.61

.37

   → Childhood physical neglect

.46

.08

5.79

.00

.54

.29

   → Non-acceptance

1

.53

.28

   → Goal-directed behavior

.90

.15

6.13

.00

.59

.35

   → Impulse control

1.68

.26

6.36

.00

.84

.71

   → Emotional regulation strategies

1.68

.23

7.43

.00

.71

.50

   → Emotional clarity

.62

.14

4.35

.00

.45

.20

   → Anger control

−.10

.03

−3.99

.00

−.46

.21

   → Ange expression

.49

.08

6.19

.00

.79

.62

   → Shame-withdraw

.15

.04

3.65

.00

.36

.13

   → Affective instability

1

.87

.75

   → Identity problems

.81

.09

8.55

.00

.69

.47

   → Negative emotions

.75

.09

8.15

.00

.65

.43

   → Self-harm

.72

.10

7.44

.00

.68

.47

   → Trauma (a2)

.29

.06

5.05

.00

.36

.82

   → ED (a1)

.83

.14

5.88

.00

.74

   → Trauma (a3)

.21

.08

2.68

.01

.29

.08

 Indirect Effect

  a1*a3

.17

.06

2.86

.00

.21

 Total Effect

  a2 + (a1*a3)

.46

.08

5.70

.00

.57