Table 2 The wording of the instruction and the items in the self-efficacy for distress tolerance scale (SE-DT), as well as the original items in the General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE)

I can always manage to deal with emotional crises if I try hard enough.

I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.

If someone opposes me during an emotional crisis, I can find the means and ways to reach my goals.

If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want.

It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals despite emotional crises.

It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.

I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected crisis situations.

I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.

Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen crisis situations and without acting destructively or impulsively.

Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations.

I can deal with most emotional crises if I invest the necessary effort.

I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.

I can remain calm when facing emotional crises because I can rely on my coping abilities.

I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities.

When I am confronted with an emotional crisis, I can usually find several solutions.

When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions.

If I am in trouble and it triggers strong negative emotions, I can usually think of a solution.

If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.

I can usually handle whatever comes my way and without doing anything that I then regret.

I can usually handle whatever comes my way.