Study | Design | Participants | Technology | Experimental intervention | Comparator Interventions | Measures | Cohen’s d | Test-scores & p-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post-only | Adults diagnosed with depression, bipolar disorder or anxiety disorder. N: 15 + 20 Age M (SD): 40 (16) | Videoconferencing | Two weekly DBT skills training group online via Video Teleconferencing (VTC) | Two weekly DBT skills training group face to face | Efficacy RCCS Utility Satisfaction | t (24) = 3.7, p = .001 t (24) = 1.39, p = .19 | ||
Lungu (2015) [44] | Pre-post | Adults with a wide range of psychopathology N: 25 Age M (SD): 44 (15) | Internet delivered skills training | An 8 week online trans-diagnostic DBT skills training for Emotion Regulation (iDBT-ER) | None | Efficacy DBT-WCCL DERS AAQ PHQ-9 OASIS KIMS OQ-45 Utility CSQ | d = 1.11 n.c. n.c d = 0.69 d = 0.89 d = 0.02 d = 1.00 | F(1, 45.32) = 28.67, p <. 01 F(1, 42.73) = 30.53, p < .01 F(1, 23.64) = 21.98, p < .01 F(1, 24.35) = 22.20, p < .01 F(1, 44.30) = 9.05, p < .01 F(1, 22.49) = 18.38, p <. 01 F(1, 24.05) = 22.55, p <. 01 |
Navarro-Haro (2019) [45] | Pre-post | Adults diagnosed with a Generalized Anxiety Disorder according to the MINI N: 19 Age M (SD): 44 (10) | Virtual Reality | Six one hour Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) group sessions plus six ten minutes additional Virtual Reality Mindfulness Skills Training (VR DBT) individual | None | Efficacy GAD-7* | d = 1.33 | β = − 4.38, p < .001 |
Rizvi (2011) [46] | Pre-post | Adults diagnosed with BPD and had a comorbidity with substance abuse disorders who had been in DBT treatment for at least 2 months, and their therapists. N: 22 Age M (SD): 34 (10) | Mobile (web) Application | 10 to 14 days access to DBT coach application for smartphones, to enhance generalization of the emotion regulation skill of opposite action in an interactive way, as an add-on for patients who were participating in a standard DBT program | None | Efficacy DBT Coach Dataa (a) emotional intensity (b) urges to use substances Daily assessments for patientsb (a) urge to use substances (b) how helpful is the DBT Coach app (c) how helpful is the Opposite Action skill Confidence in executing opposite actionc BDI BSI “Therapist Questionnaire”d (a) patients skill use in general (b) the use of the opposite action skill before and after using the DBT Coach application (c) number of phone calls outside the sessions | a) d = − 1.32 b) d = − 0.90 a) d = − 0.48 d = 0.59 d = 0.55 d = 0.43 b) d = − 0.84 | a) t (21) = − 6.17, p < .001 b) t (21) = − 4.22, p < .001 a) t (21) = − 2.26, p = .035 b) t (21) = − 1.14, p = .269 c) t (21) = .67, p = .508 t (21) = 2.93, p = .008 t (21) = 2.69, p = .014 t (21) = 2.49, p = .021 a) t (21) = − 1.06, p = .30 b) t (21) = − 2.79, p = .01 c) t (21) = 1.15, p = .26 |
Rizvi (2016) [47] | Pre-post | Adults diagnosed with BPD and had a recent history of repeated nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) N: 16 Age M (SD): 28 (8) | Mobile (web) Application | DBT coach application for smartphones, a mobile web app to enhance generalization of mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness and distress tolerance skills in an interactive way, as an add-on for patients who were participating in a standard DBT program | None | Efficacy GAF GSI BSI DERS SITB DBT-WCCL | n.s. “ “ “ “ “ “ | |
Salamin (2020) | Pre-post | Adults diagnosed with BPD who 1) were participating in a standard DBT program in the period of interest (i.e. 8 weeks before confinement and 8 weeks during confinement) and 2) filled out the online diary cards. N: 7 Age M (SD): 35 (12) | Telephone consultation and videoconferencing | 6 weeks of individual therapy and DBT skills training by means of telephone consultation or videoconferencing. Skills training was limited to 45 min (instead of two hours) per week and was provided individually. Adaptions were necessary to continue standard DBT during lockdown. | None | Efficacy #Suic. behaviour/ week #NSSI/ week #Alcohol/ week #Binge-eating/ week Suic. ideation/ day Fear/ day Shame/ day Tension/ day Distress/ day | n.c. n.c. d = − 0.42 d = − 0.34 d = − 0.01 d = − 0.17 | n.s. n.s. F(1, 63.1) = 3.1, p = .08 F(1, 63.5) = 4.3, p = .04 β = − 0.00, p = .964 β = − 0.59, p < .001 β = − 0.48, p < .001 β = − 0.35, p = .029 β = − 4.57, p = .030 |
Schroeder (2018) [48] | Pre-post | Adults diagnosed with depression (52%), General Anxiety Disorder (48%), Borderline Personality Disorder (40%), PTSD (27%), Bipolar Disorder (14%) N Tot: 73 Age M: 37 | Mobile (web) Application | 28 days of semi-personalized text messages in the morning to motivate people to use “Pocket Skills”, a mobile web app containing written information, videos, and a conversational agent (avatar of M. Linehan) offering information on the basics of DBT, DBT skills and a DBT diary card. | None | Efficacy OASIS PHQ-9 DBT-WCCL | n.c. n.c. n.c. | β = − 0.66, p < .001 β = − 0.79, p < .001 β = − 0.06, p < .001 |
Waltz (2009) [49] | RCT Cross-over | Adults diagnosed with BPD according to SCID II, naïve to DBT N: 15 + 15 Age M (SD): 33 (9) | Video | Video of Marsha Linehan teaching the ‘opposite action’ skill step by step from the emotion regulation module of DBT. | Episode from a serie called The Desert Speaks on the culinary, medicinal and scientific uses of pepper plants. | Efficacy OAKQ | d = 0.8 | F = 18.74, p < .001 |
Wilks (2018) [50] Wilks (2017) [51] Wilks (2020) | RCT Cross-over | Adults diagnosed with BPD that show suicidal behaviour and heavy episodic drinking. N: 29 + 30 Age M (SD): 38 (10) | Internet delivered skills training | Internet-delivered DBT skills training (8 sessions, consisting of mindfulness, reducing problematic drinking, emotion regulation and distress tolerance) and daily emails and/or text messaging for motivation. | Waiting list | Efficacy SSI AUDIT TLFB DERS | n.c. | β = − 1.08, p = 0.22 β = − 2.05, p = 0.09 β = 0.81, p = 0.02 β = − 4.57, p = 0.18 |