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Table 4 The classification of the analysed factors based on the factor domain and study sample

From: A systematic review of the factors associated with the course of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescence

Author (year)

Study sample

Child characteristics

Interpersonal factors

Parental psychopathology

Parenting factors

Covariates

Barnow et al. (2013) [19]

Greifswald family studya

–

–

Maternal BPD symptoms,maternal depression

–

Sex, age, BPD features in offspringsat T0

Bornovalova et al. (2018) [20]

Minnesota twin family studya

Alcohol use disorder, druguse disorder, major depressivedisorder

–

–

–

NR

Ehrenreich, Beron & Underwood(2016) [22]

Communitya

Social and physical aggression

–

–

–

Baseline ratings of rule-breaking,internalizing symptoms; borderlinefeatures and narcissism at Grade 7

Haltigan & Vaillancourt (2016) [25]

McMaster teen studya

Temperament, somatization,ADHD symptoms, anxiety,depression, general academicfunctioning

Peer victimization,relational aggression

–

–

Sex, mental health, peer relations,intra-individual risks

Sharp et al. (2020) [27]

Adolescent dating violencestudya

Lifetime mental health treatment

Parent-child relationshipquality

–

Exposure to intimatepartner violence

Sex, minority status, familycomposition/living situation, mentalhealth treatment history, parenteducation, relationship qualitywith each parent

Vanwoerden, Leavitt, Gallagher &Temple (2019) [31]

Adolescent dating violencestudya

–

Psychological violence,sexual violence, physicalviolence, relational violence

–

–

Sex, SES, relationship quality witheach parent

Dixon-Gordon et al. (2016) [21]

Pittsburgh girls studya

Negative affect

–

–

Maternal problemsolving, maternalsupport/validation

Minority race, family poverty

Hallquist, Hipwell & Stepp (2015) [24]

Pittsburgh girls studya

Negative emotionality, harshpunishment, self-control

–

–

–

Previous ratings of harsh punishment,self-control, negative emotionality

Lazarus et al. (2019) [26]

Pittsburgh girls studya

–

Perceived support,antagonism, physicalaggression, verbalaggression

–

–

Minority race, family poverty, pubertaldevelopment

Stepp, Keenan, Hipwell & Krueger(2014) [28]

Pittsburgh girls studya

Negative emotionality, highactivity, low sociability, lowshyness

–

–

–

Minority race, family poverty

Stepp et al. (2014) [6]

Pittsburgh girls studya

Impulsivity, negative affectivity,ODD/CD severity

–

Parental depressionseverity

Harsh punishment,low warmth

Minority race, family poverty

Stepp & Lazarus (2017) [29]

Pittsburgh girls studya

Emotionality, inattention,hyperactivity/impulsivity, depression

–

–

–

Minority race, family poverty

Greenfield et al. (2015) [23]

(In) Outpatient, previouslysuicidal adolescentsb

Age of suicidal behavior, depression,conduct disorder, alcohol use, druguse, overall severity of disturbance,stressful life events, emergency roomvisits, hospitalizations

–

–

–

Sex, age

Strandholm et al. (2017) [30]

Outpatient with depressivemood disorders, Adolescentdepression studyb

Depression severity, comorbidity

Social support fromfamily and friends

–

–

Sex, age, SSRI medication, number ofclinical appointments during thefollow-up

  1. a community sample; b clinical sample;
  2. NR not reported