Table 2 Clinical studies
Directionality of associations | Study’s author(s), year | Country | N at follow-up (retention rate), % females and mean (M) age at baseline | Follow-up period | Measure(s) | BPD measured at baseline; age of BPD assessment | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSSI predicting BPD | Groschwitz et al., 2015 | Germany (terms related to NSSI reported in clinical record were criteria for being recruited for study) | N = 52 (73%); 94.2% females; age of onset of NSSI was 13.9 years | 8 years Mage at follow-up = 21.5 years | Clinically verified record of NSSI SITBI-G SCID-II | No; Mage = 21.5 years | No significant association between NSSI group status (prevailing vs. ceased) and later BPD (χ2= 0.265, p = 0.78). However, earlier age of onset of NSSI (Z = 2.699, p = 0.007, d = 0.82) and longer duration of NSSI (Z = 2.93, p = 0.003, d = 0.94) during adolescence predictive of adult BPD. |
Homan et al., 2017 | USA (recruited for NSSI and suicide behaviours) | N = 116 (88%); 71% females; Mage = 16 | 5 years | SHBQ Clinic records assessed for BPD diagnosis and traits | No; Mage = 23.6 years | NSSI did not predict BPD 5 years later in univariate model or in multivariate model that included SA, SI, and ST (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 0.83–2.44, p = .20). The overall multivariate model (NSSI, SI, SA, ST) was significant (χ2 = 9.52, p = .05). | |
Koenig et al., 2017 (same sample as Koenig et al., 2018) | Germany (recruited for risk-taking and NSSI) | N = 18 (60%); all females; Mage = 15.3 | 1 year | SITBI-G SCID-II- German version | Yes; Mage = 15.36 years | Participants were recruited for engaging in NSSI. There was a significant decrease in NSSI frequency from baseline to 1-year follow-up (χ2(18)= 15.95, p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in number of BPD criteria met (χ2(18)= − 3.12, p = 0.078), or the number of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for BPD (χ2(18) = 2.00, p = 0.289) over time. Thus, NSSI predicts stability of BPD diagnosis and symptoms in this sample. | |
Koenig et al., 2018 (same sample as Koenig et al., 2017) | Germany (recruited for risk-taking and NSSI) | N = 17 (60%); all females; Mage = 15.3 | 1 year | SITBI-G SCID-II- German version | Yes; Mage = 15.3 years | There were no significant differences in the specific BPD symptoms that were endorsed at baseline and 1-year follow-up (p’s > .1). Thus, NSSI predicts stability of BPD criteria symptoms within this sample. |