Aetiological pathways to Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms in early adolescence: childhood dysregulated behaviour, maladaptive parenting and bully victimisation

Table 3 Path analysis results of direct associations between sex, family adversity, childhood dysregulated behaviour, maladaptive parenting, bullying victimisation, BPD, depression, and psychotic symptoms

Predictor	Outcome	Probit coefficient	SE	P value
Sex^a	Dysregulated behaviour	−0.527	0.075	<0.001
Sex	Bully victimisation	−0.097	0.075	0.196
Sex	Maladaptive parenting	−0.010	0.008	0.192
Sex	Depression symptoms	0.235	0.045	<0.001
Sex	Psychotic symptoms	0.110	0.047	<0.05
Family adversity	Dysregulated behaviour	0.440	0.027	<0.001
Family adversity	BPD	0.056	0.019	<0.01
Family adversity	Depression symptoms	0.056	0.016	<0.01
Family adversity	Psychotic symptoms	0.051	0.017	<0.01
Dysregulated behaviour	Maladaptive parenting	0.075	0.004	<0.001
Dysregulated behaviour	Bully victimisation	0.327	0.021	<0.001
Dysregulated behaviour	BPD symptoms	−0.022	0.030	0.475
Dysregulated behaviour	Depression symptoms	0.036	0.025	0.147
Dysregulated behaviour	Psychotic symptoms	0.013	0.027	0.632

Probit coefficients indicate the strength of association between predictor variables and the probability of group membership, and represent the difference that a one-unit change in the predictor variable makes in the cumulative normal probability of the outcome variable
SE standard error; boldface indicates a significant association
^aMale sex was reference category, thus significant negative co-efficient indicates that male sex is significantly associated with the outcome, while significant positive co-efficient indicates that female sex is significantly associated with the outcome