Table 3 Predictors and protective factors described in longitudinal studies using a NSSI definition

Personal

Predictor for NSSI during follow-up, existing before baseline

Predictor for NSSI during follow-up, measured at baseline

Gender

Female gender

11

NSSI

(Previous) NSSI

6

6

Lifetime NSSI methods

1

NSSI thoughts

1

Low implicit and explicit aversion to NSSI stimuli

1

Forecasting future NSSI

1

Suicidality

History of suicide attempt

3

Suicidal ideation

3

Psychiatric symptoms

Depressive symptoms

7

Conduct disorder/problems

3

Anxiety

2

BPD features (e.g. emotional reactivity, unstable relationship, unstable sense of self-image)

2

Drug and alcohol use impairment

2

Neurologic or psychiatric disease

1

Persistent psychotic experiences

1

Psychological impairment

Psychological distress

5

Hopelessness

2

Emotional problems

1

Problem behaviors

1

Lower self-esteem

1

Greater internalizing problems

1

Behavioral impulsivity

1

Negative emotions

1

Rumination

1

Attachment anxiety

1

Life events

More stressful or negative life events

2

Early sexual debut

1

Physical and sexual abuse

1

Other

Negative attributional style

3

Negative cognitive style

1

Excessive reassurance seeking

1

Being single (male)

1

Non-heterosexual sexual interest

1

Younger age

1

Family

Onset of parental depression

1

Lower perceived family support

1

Problems with parents

1

Social

Friends’ engagement in NSSI

2

Social adaption problems/

1

Problems with peers

1

Lack of social support

1

Relationship problems

1

Negative interactions

Protective

Higher self esteem

2

Social support

1

Cognitive reappraisal

1

Parental care

1