Skip to main content

Table 1 Longitudinal studies of NSSI from community and clinical samples (n = 22)

From: The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature

Authors

Country

population

Age at baseline

N

Follow-up period

Outcome

Community samples

You et al., 2012 [16]

China

Community sample

Mean age: 14.63 (SD: 1.25)

2435

6 months

Baseline: 24.9% (12 month prevalence)

T1: 13.9% (6 month prevalence)

10.7% of sample: NSSI at both time points

Franklin et al., 2014 [17]

USA

Community sample

Mean age: 24.37 (SD: 8.28)

49

6 months

Baseline: 100%, (cutting: sum: 248, mean: 5.06, SD: 7.44) Follow-up: 20 reported no cutting during the follow-up (but at baseline); cutting: sum:164, mean: 3.42 (SD: 6.08)

Wan et al., 2014 [18]

China

Community sample

Mean age: 16.1 (SD: 2.8), age range: 12–24 years

13923

9 months

Baseline NSSI: 17.0% (12 month prevalence)

3 months follow-up: 10.5% (3 month prevalence)

6 months follow-up: 7.8% (3 month prevalence)

9 months follow-up: 8.8% (3 month prevalence)

Hasking et al., 2013 [26]; Tatnell et al., 2014 [36]

Australia

Community sample

Mean age: 13.89 (SD: 0.97), age range: 12–18 years

1973

11.7 months

Baseline: 8.3% (lifetime prevalence)

T1: 11.9%

3.8% initiated NSSI

Modén et al., 2013 [15]

Sweden

Register study of all adults in Scania

Adults

936449

12 months

Incidence rate: 91/100 000 (male), 128/100 000 (female)

19.3% of males with recent NSSI have injured themselves in the three years before, as well as 23.9% of females

Hamza & Willoughby, 2014 [19]

Canada

University sample

Mean age: 19.15

666: 466 with past or recent NSSI + 200 controls without NSSI from a larger sample of 1153

12 month

Baseline: 38% (lifetime prevalence)

T1: 2% (incident NSSI)

Beginners: New NSSI at T1: 5.72% of participants with NSSI

Recovered: lifetime NSSI but no NSSI since one year before baseline: 41,31%

Relapsers: lifetime NSSI, no NSSI one year prior to baseline but NSSI prior to T1: 9.96%

Desisters: NSSI in 12 month prior to baseline but not in 12 month prior to T1: 28.39%

Persisters: NSSI 12 months prior to baseline and T1: 14.62%

You et al., 2014 [20]

China

Community sample

Mean age: 14.63 (SD: 1.25)

3600

12 months

Baseline: 10.3% (6 month prevalence)

T1: (6 months follow-up): 12.7%

T2 (12 months follow-up): 9.2%

Martin et al., 2014 [37]

Australia

Community sample

Mean age: 14.87 (SD: 0.95)

1896

12 months

Baseline: 6%

T1: 12 months after baseline: 3.7% (incident NSSI)

Prinstein et al., 2010 (Study 1) [12]

USA

Community sample adolescents

8th grade

377

12 months

Baseline: 7.4% (12 month prevalence)

After one year: 3.2%

Glenn & Klonsky, 2011 [21]

USA

College sample screened for NSSI

Mean age: 18.96 (SD: 1.57)

Baseline: 81 12 month follow-up: 51

12 months

Baseline: 100% (lifetime prevalence)

52% (6-month prevalence)

12 month follow up: 62.7% NSSI (12 month prevalence)

Whitlock et al., 2012 [38]

USA

College sample

Mean age: 20.3 (SD: 4)

1466

24 months

Baseline: 13.7% (lifetime prevalence)

New NSSI at year 1: 5.2%

New NSSI year 2: 0.8%

Cumulative prevalence: 19.7%

Marshall et al., 2013 [27]

Sweden

Community sample

Mean age: 13.21 (SD: 0.57)

506

24 months

Baseline: 0.20 (6 months: mean of Deliberate Self Harm Inventory item scores)

T1: 0.24

T2: 0.25

Barrocas et al., 2014 [22]

China

Community sample

Mean age: 16.02 (SD: 0.61)

617

24 months (assessment every 3 months)

T1 (3 months after baseline): 23.8%

T2: 17.6%

T3: 17.2%

T4: 11.4%

T5: 13.8%

T6: 12.2%

T7: 11.5%

T8: 11.1% (all 3 months prevalence)

Voon et al., 2014 [28]

Australia

Community sample

Mean age: 13.9 (SD:. 0.99)

3143

24 months

Baseline: 8.1%

T1: 24 months after baseline: 10,1% (lifetime prevalence)

Hankin & Abela, 2011 [29]

USA

Community sample

M age = 12.63, SD = 1.25

97 at both waves

30 months

Baseline: 8% (12 month prevalence)

Follow up: 18% newly initiated: 14%

Continuation: 50% (n = 4)

Baetens et al., 2014 [30]

Belgium

Community sample

Mean age: 12 years

533 (all time points)

30 months

Baseline: 5.15% lifetime prevalence

T1: 12 months after baseline: 2.78% (12 month prevalence)

T2: 30 months after baseline: 5.31% (12 month prevalence)

Cumulative: 10.70% (lifetime prevalence)

Clinical samples or clinical studies

Rosenbaum Asarnow et al., 2011 [39]

USA

Participants of depression treatment study x

Mean age: 14.2 (SD: 1.2)

327

6 months

Baseline: 23.9% NSSI alone, 14% NSSI and suicidal attempt

T1: 11% incidence rate

Wilkinson et al., 2011 [40]

UK

Participants of depression treatment study

Mean age: 14.2 (SD: 1.2)

163

7 months

Baseline: 36% (1 month prevalence)

T1: 37% (during follow-up)

Guerry & Prinstein, 2010 [23]

USA

Child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients

Mean age: 13.51 (SD: 0,75), age range: 12–15 years

143

18 months

Baseline: 67,9% (12 month prevalence)

T1: 3 month: 32.7% (last 3 month)

T2: 6 month: 29.0%

T3: 9 months: 34.0%

T4: 15 months: 22.8%

T5: 18 months: 28.4%

Prinstein et al., 2010 (Study 2) [12]

USA

Child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients

Mean age: 13.51 (SD: 0,75), age range: 12–15 years

140

18 months

Baseline 1.14

T1: 9 months: 1.11, T2: 18 months: 1.10 (mean score of NSSI behaviors: 12 month prevalence)

McGlashan et al., 2005 [24]

USA

Patients with personality disorders

Adults, age range: 18-45

474 (201 with Borderline Personality disorder)

24 months

Baseline: 60%

T1: 24 months: 30%, remission in 46%

Tuisku et al., 2014 [25]

Finland

Adolescent outpatients

Mean age: 16.5

139

96 months

Baseline: 32.4%

T1: 12 months after baseline: 21.7% (12 months prevalence)

T2: (96 months after baseline): 16.1%

  1. T1: first assessment after baseline.
  2. T2-Tx: consecutive assessments.
  3. N is provided for the last wave of the respective studies to describe participants being included in the longitudinal design.
  4. Studies are sorted by follow-up time-frame.